Volume 1: Phonologie. Figure 3.1 Martin 46(2): 255274. M. In the Shona S10 group, clicks have only been reported to occur in midlands varieties of Kalanga S16 and in the Ndau S15 variety in Mozambique (Borland 1970, Mkanganwi 1972, Afido et al. (eds. , VOT differs, as expected, between voiced, voiceless unaspirated and aspirated stop categories in Kgalagari S311, and it also varies by place of articulation within each category. Hombert, J.-M. London; New York: Routledge. (ed. For individuals learning English as a second language, it is common for the phonemic system of their first language to influence the production of sounds in English. Figure 3.12 Hamann, S. Pietermaritzburg: Shuter & Shooter. The mechanism of producing clicks is now fairly well understood and is illustrated by the sequence of midsagittal real-time MRI in (2015) An Acoustic Study of Luganda Liquid Allophones. Maddieson, I. Greenberg, J. H. (1971) Comparative Bantu: An Introduction to the Comparative Linguistics and Prehistory of the Bantu languages. Kerford The phonetic differences which exist between closely related languages provide opportunities for testing theories about phonological organisation. The Structure of a Bantu Language with Special Reference to Swahili, or Form and Function through Bantu Eyes Author(s): E. O. Ashton Source: Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London, Vol. This would therefore be an important counter-example to the more common pattern found in labial-velar doubly articulated segments in other languages in which the labial closure is formed very slightly later (1015 ms) than the velar one. Doubly articulated labial-velar stops (and nasals) are found almost exclusively in the languages of Africa, but they occur in only relatively few of the Bantu languages, including Londo A11 (Kuperus 1985), Sawabantu languages of Guthries groups A102030 (Mutaka & Ebobiss 19961997), Fang A75 (Medjo Mv 1997), and Mijikenda E70 (Nurse & Hinnebusch 1993, Kutsch Lojenga 2001) among others. PDF 3-The Impact of Bantu Languages on English Pronunciation Source: Recording by Pither Medjo Mv made available by D. Demolin; measurements by the first author. (2016) Aspects of the Intonational Phonology of Bs. Stem-initial syllables typically have a greater number of segmental contrasts than found elsewhere (Downing 2010). , Downing, L. J. , I am a member of the publication's editorial board and strongly support the publication, Authored by: Acoustic Correlates of Click Voicing in Whispered Speech. Wright, R. (1967) Comparative Bantu: An Introduction to the Comparative Linguistics and Prehistory of the Bantu languages. Roux She reports that the labial closure is formed first. 2017). Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. , Y. are higher compared to Vossen, R. 2016) and Fwe K402 (Gunnink 2016). Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. (2017) How Do You Whisper a Click? Polar or mid tones are found in Holoholo D28 and Nyanga D43. The whistled fricative has more peaked and compact spectra than its non-whistled counterpart, and the fricatives also differ in other acoustic measures. Because the insert does not cover the soft palate, this closure cannot be observed on the EPG record at this time. Van de Velde, M. & M. Hinnebusch ), Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society Figure 3.21 Spectrogram of Rwanda JD61 akabwa [akab due to male/female differences in formant range. H. , or as an unaspirated alveolar click ([ruoma]), as in & Map. (eds. (2012) Introducing Kwasio Pharyngealized Vowels. The patterning of tones in many Bantu languages resembles that of pitch-accent systems. Engstrand, O. shows very clearly that independent tongue root adjustment does not contribute to the distinctions between any members of the front vowel set /i e /, nor the back vowel set /u o /. (eds. & Engstrand and Lodhi (1985) study one such contrast in Swahili G42 and Monaka (2001, 2005) examines a three-way contrast in Kgalagari S311. (2009a) Differences in Airstream and Posterior Place of Articulation Among Nuu Clicks. Figure 3.16 J. Nande JD42 vowel formant means. Austin, P. K. Spectrogram of Kwasio A81 /ko/ [k] avarice spoken by a male speaker. African Studies K. Ladefoged, P. u o a/, but a straight line cannot be fit to the set /u o o/ as is possible for Fang A75 /u o /. & A. S. Pretoria: van Schaik. (2006) Low Vowels andTtransparency in Kinande Vowel Harmony. Figure 3.4 Boyd, V. L. Figure 3.11 Oxford: Oxford University Press. and Maputo: Universidade Eduardo Mondlane. & Glasgow: University of Glasgow. The release of a lateral click is also affricated, occurring initially through a narrow channel quite far back, as shown in frame 170 and continuing in frame 180. & This kind of display closely parallels the traditional auditorily based vowel space based on perceived height and backness values used, for example, in the IPA Handbook (1999), but has the advantage of being based on verifiable measurement. Paper presented at the 46th Colloquium on African Languages and Linguistics, Leiden. L. (1980) Nasale suivie de consonne sourde en proto-bantu. Zerbian, S. Monaka , . Positional restrictions are another aspect of prosody in Bantu languages. Vers une reconstruction du proto-A80. Figure 3.31 A particularly rare phenomenon reported in Hendo C82 involves the class 5 prefix, which is actually the reflex of the Proto-Bantu augment *di- followed by the noun prefix *i- (cf. Language Documentation and Conservation B. Meinhof, C. (1970b) Comparative Bantu: An Introduction to the Comparative Linguistics and Prehistory of the Bantu languages. Most Bantu languages are reported as having two series of plosives, voiced and voiceless, and this follows the Proto-Bantu reconstruction of Meeussen (1967). Spectrogram of Rwanda JD61 ugutwi [ugutkwi] ear; same speaker as Figure 3.14. (1993) Phonetics of Partially Nasal Consonants. K. & 31: 179198. PDF World Geography - Unit 3 - Cultural Geography Textes originaux, recueillis et traduits en Franais et prcds dune esquisse grammaticale. Brockhaus. In (2013) Phonological Devoicing and Phonetic Voicing in Setswana. (2010) Work on Spoken (Multimodal) Corpora in South Africa. Africana Linguistica S. Western Bantu Tradition and The Notion of Tradition Spectrogram of the Nyamwezi F22 word /apo/ basket. See text for discussion of the phonetic segmentation. . 9: 7184. Paper presented at the 32nd Annual Conference on African Linguistics. In The Scottish Consortium for ICPhS 2015 (ed. P. Phonetica There is a distinct breathy/slack voiced nasalised accompaniment; these two series are depressor consonants. Some speakers of Xhosa S41 produce plain clicks with ejection (Jessen 2002). Dr. Wilhelm Bleek first used the term "Bantu" in its current sense in his 1862 book A Comparative Grammar of South African Languages, in which . Figure 3.14 (1987) Acoustic and Perceptual Consequences of Vowel-to-Vowel Coarticulation in Three Bantu Languages. 19(1): 119. Harmonically related pairs are noted by the use of the same symbol with and without a -ATR diacritic. There are four click accompaniments in Fwe K402: voiceless unaspirated, voiced oral, voiced nasal and voiceless nasal, but the language has no contrast for click type or place (Gunnink forthcoming). L. J. Figure 3.31 6d. Mean formant values of the 10 surface vowels for one speaker are plotted in Glasgow: University of Glasgow, retrieved from. Figure 3.1 Hertford: Stephen Austen and Sons. H. The examples cited during this study are taken from the selected languages shown in the following list. Peak negative pressure in the three click types of Zulu S42 means for voiceless clicks in three vowel environments spoken by three speakers. & 8: 525562. Kisseberth, C. Cape Town: University of Cape Town, PhD dissertation. Kodzasov, S. V. Jessen, M. Fuchs, S. Mumba Volume 1: The Comparative Linguistics of the Bantu Languages. LINGUISTICS: The Languages of Africa. Joseph H. Greenberg - AnthroSource Downing, L. J. Somerville: Cascadilla Proceedings Project. A. In several areas earlier voiceless prenasalised stops have developed into voiceless nasals or related types of segments, including in Sukuma F21 (Maddieson 1991), Pokomo E71, Bondei G24 (Huffman & Hinnebusch 1998), Kalanga S16 (Mathangwane 1998) and Rwanda JD61 (Demolin & Delvaux 2001). & Chichewa (Bantu) - The Handbook of Morphology - Wiley Online Library Thornell Only a small part of this difference can be accounted for by the difference in peak pressre between the click types. Rodekuhr Reports and Papers, 307450. L. ), Namibian Languages. Sitoe, B. Special mention may be made of Carl Meinhofs work in the 1890s, in which he sought to reconstruct what he called ur-Bantu (the words underlying contemporary Bantu forms), and the descriptive work carried out by Clement Doke and the Department of Bantu Studies at the University of Witwatersrand, South Africa, in the period 192353. In these words there is noticeably breathy phonation during part of the consonant and at the vowel onset which is transcribed as []. Southern Sotho S33 only has a single click type which may vary in place. Gunnink 2003), though they are typically produced with an abrupt or unaffricated release in Khoisan languages. & Proctor, M. Mathangwane, J. T. The first frame, numbered 0, is close to the time that velar closure is first made, as detected from the accompanying acoustic record. & The phonetic shapes of tone sequences can usually be modeled on the basis of the position and height of local H targets, with the Low tones treated as automatically filled valleys between these points. Journal of West African Languages (eds.) Figure 3.19 Traill, A. The Bantu languages are spoken in a very large area, including most of Africa from southern Cameroon eastward to Kenya and southward to the southernmost tip of the continent. In (1899) Grundri einer Lautlehre der Bantusprachen nebst Anleitung zur Aufnahme von Bantusprachen Anhang : Verzeichnis von Bantuwortstmmen & Trinta Research the following groups: Bantu, French Canadians (Quebecois), and Basques. Shona S10 and Kalanga S16 are also marked by the occurrence of a type of labialisation co-produced with alveolar fricatives which have led to these segments being named whistled, or whistling fricatives (Doke 1931a, Bladon et al. , & Riad, T. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Tswa S51 may be one such case, as the last attestation was by Persson (1932). In 4: 109132. I must now turn to a more detailed consideration of one Greenberg's language families and the word-lists which appear to be basic evidence. Cologne: Rdiger Kppe. 7: 4143. | How to buy ), Intonation in African Tone Languages, 225284. Roux Tonga M64 has long vowels but does not show any compensatory lengthening before NC. Idiatov Chichewa (Bantu) - The Handbook of Morphology - Wiley Online Library Matumbi P13 has been claimed to have super-close vowels /i u/ (Odden 1996: 5), but the description of the contrast between /i u/ and /i u/ as being roughly equivalent to the contrast between [], [] and [i], [u] suggests that the vowels likely contrast tongue root position (ATR) rather than tongue height. In , Pharyngeals have developed from velars in other Niger-Congo languages. Pholia Journal of the International Phonetic Association & One Bantu language, Swahili, is used as a lingua franca in East Africa by about 50 to 100 million people. & & Kolossa J. O. Published for the International African Institute by the Oxford University Press, 1948. Impressionistically, there appear to be no differences in vowel quality between pairs that differ in length in the two languages. & The Bantu Languages of Africa | Handbook of African Languages | M. A. This is also the pattern predicted by computational models of vowel system structure from Liljencrants and Lindblom (1972) to Schwartz et al. Iskarous ), Selected Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Conference on African Linguistics, 8289. & Journal of Phonetics Miller, A. Vowel length contrasts occur in some Bantu languages, which may or may not be accompanied by changes in vowel quality and/or various processes of vowel lengthening (cf. While the deviations from the "pure" type are recognized, this typological method is the chief one utilized in untangling the complex African linguistic situation. (1985) The Londo Word: Its Phonological and Morphological Structure. K. Figure 3.31 Figure 3.10 Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Allwood, J. Fisch, M. Figure 3.31 , Prieto R. K. P. A. Introduction This chapter will describe some of the major phonetic characteristics of the (Narrow) Bantu languages based on first-hand familiarity with some of them and a reading of available literature. This pattern is typical of that found in vowel systems where the back series is distinguished by degrees of height with no other factors being significantly involved. B. For instance, /u/ and /o/ are produced as the lower and more centralised vowels [] and [], respectively (Duke & Martin 2012: 220). . (2016) Illustrations of the IPA: Lusoga (Lutenga). Dental and lateral clicks are sometimes called noisy, affricated, or pre-affricated (Roux 2007), while the (post-)alveolar is described as abrupt or unaffricated. Palatal clicks in Yeyi R41 are somewhat fricated (Fulop et al. A. Traill, A. A. For example, the Bantu languages provide very striking examples of vowels affecting consonant realisations, particularly considered diachronically, and the nature of particular segments also has significant impacts on prosodic quantity and on tonal patterns. Each point represents the mean of 20 or 30 measurements on minimal sets of words differing only in the penultimate vowel, spoken by a male speaker. S. Hyman Figure 3.18 & ed. & Rous Librarian resources The center portion of the tongue is then lowered while the two main closures are maintained (timesteps 23), enlarging the volume of the space between them. (eds. Journal of Phonetics Pholia A. Ndendeule N101 has no long vowels and no lengthening. Barnard ), Nasals, Nasalization and the Velum, 251301. Omar Leipzig: F.A. 2011, Boyer & Zsiga 2013). (2011) Perceived Vowel Duration in Civili: Minimal Pairs and the Effect of Post-Vocalic Voicing. 46(2): 235246. Figure 3.30 In Sands Clicks are found in many words in Southern Sotho S33 (Guma 1971), but only occur in a few sound symbolic words and interjections in Northern Sotho S32 (Poulos & Louwrens 1994). ), Proceedings of the Sixth Australian Conference on Speech Science and Technology, 5560. San Diego: Academic Press. Miller, A. Figure 3.26 Maphalala, Z. M. Premire Partie: Grammaires Soubiya et Louyi. Editor of. He argues that, in two of these languages, Kom and Oku, * raised to /u/ and *u became fricated, sometimes occurring with a schwa [] offglide (Faytak & Merrill 2014). In Rwanda JD61, there is anticipatory coarticulation of tone, with the F0 of a syllable being affected by a High tone in a later syllable (Myers 2003). A. C. For instance, the number of High tones which may surface in a word or a stem may be limited to one and prominent peaks tend to occur in a predictable position, often the penult (Downing 2010). , Anecdotally, it seems that clicks in other Bantu languages may also vary in amplitude, depending on the individual speaker, stylistic or sociphonetic variables, and prosodic environment. B. T. B. Laine Shosted EPG frames showing a dental click spoken by a male Zulu S42 speaker. . (1999) Clicks in East African Languages. Sowetan Zulu S42, too, has a reduced number of click consonants, likely due to contact with Southern Sotho S33 (Gunnink 2014). (1994) South Meets North: Ilwana=Bantu+Cushitic on Kenyas Tana River. Hombert & 21(2): 161178. Language Sciences In each case the putatively [ATR] vowel has a substantially higher first formant (hence a lower position on the chart) than its harmonic counterpart. Several recent detailed studies have looked at the timing and laryngeal characteristics of stops after nasals in Tswana S31 and Kgalagari S311. Depressors also occur in Digo E73 and other Mijikenda E70 group languages and in Kalanga S16 and other Shona S10 group languages (Downing 2010). The mean results are given in Nasal vowels are not particularly common in the Bantu languages, but are found in certain mostly western areas, for example in Ngungwel B72a of the Teke group (Paulian 1994), in Umbundu R11 (Schadeberg 1982), in Gyele A801 (Renaud 1976) and in a few words in the Bitam variety of Fang A75 (Medjo Mv 1997). Tokyo: ILCAA. R. Ngonga-Ke-Mbembe The closures overlap for 100 ms, until frame 140. In the South-West, the area near where the borders of Namibia, Angola, Botswana and Zambia meet, the largest number of clicks is found in Yeyi R41. Multiple tone heights As indicated, most Bantu languages have an underlying two-height system, whether privative or equipollent. The Swahili data collected (text and speech) was mainly the Standard Swahili that is of general use in official and learning. 38(3): 404421. (1969) Bantu Lexical Reconstructions. (eds. Whistling fricatives are very rare cross-linguistically, but they do occur in Mozambican Portuguese (Ashby & Barbosa 2011), clearly due to the influence of Bantu languages. They occur in two separate geographical clusters, the South-East (SEB) and the South-West (SWB), as shown in Rialland (1990) A Linguistic Analysis of Venda. Maputo: Instituto Nacional do Desenvolvimento de Educao. S. Lee The Bantu languages are spoken in a very large area, including most of Africa from southern Cameroon eastward to Kenya and southward to the southernmost tip of the continent. Dalsagaard, P. Berkeley: University of California Press. 5: 105111. Nyamwezi F22 vowel formant means according to measurements by the first author. & & vowels may thus be misinterpreted as being lower than the [+ATR] mid vowels, but the high F1 values may be instead attributed to a retracted tongue root position. . In the case of Kalanga S16, the mid vowels /e o/ are relatively close to the high vowels /i u/ and far from /a/. This illustrates one instance where the occurrence of cross-linguistically less common phonetic segments may be disguised by notational practices.
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